What is SMA?
"SMA" is the initials of the Storage Manufacturers Association. The SMA was formed in 1974 and operates as an Industry Group within the Material Handling Industry of America (MHI). The membership of the SMA is made up of companies which produce industrial storage equipment for customers world-wide. The SMA promotes the safe design and use of shelving, work platforms, shop furniture, cabinetry and drawer systems.
Programming includes research, development of specifications, educational programs, and meetings. The SMA is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited developer of shelving systems and work platforms.
How do I obtain copies of SMA/ANSI Specifications? Does SMA have a website?
Copies of the most recent edition of the ANSI/SMA Specifications For The Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Steel Storage Shelving, Metal/Wood Shelving and Industrial Work Platforms are complimentary and can be downloaded on the SMA website at www.mhi.org/sma.
Is it permissible to step on a shelf?
No. Unless notified otherwise by the manufacturer, typically, shelves are not designed for this purpose.
What is the difference between a Qualified and Registered Design Professional?
A Qualified Design Professional is an individual with the knowledge of and the ability to apply the design principles appropriate to the specific application.
A Registered Design Professional is an individual with the knowledge of and the ability to apply the design principles appropriate to the specific application and who is registered or licensed to practice his/her design profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the professional registration laws of a state or jurisdiction. Typically, the design calculations and construction drawings submitted in order to obtain a building permit are certified by the Registered Design Professional licensed in the state where the work platform/shelving system is located.
What is a concentrated (point) load?
A concentrated or point load is any static load considered to act over a small or concentrated area when compared to the extent of the surface to which the load is applied. Shelving or equipment legs can be examples of concentrated/point loads. "Punch through" of the decking may be a design consideration for these types of loads.
What is a uniformly distributed load?
A uniformly distributed load is one where the load is considered evenly distributed across a defined area. Examples may be live and/or dead loads.
Does my shelving system or work platform need a load plaque?
Yes. Load plaques serve as a constant reminder of the rated load capacity of the work platform or shelving system. Plaques may also serve as a record of the platform or shelving manufacturer.
The ANSI Work platform Specification states that work platform installations shall display load plaques. Building and safety inspectors may require that plaques be installed.
Load plaques should be a minimum of 50 square inches and show in clear, legible print the maximum permissible uniformly distributed live load and/or special loads for the work platform and shelf and/or bay loads for shelving systems.
Plaques shall be displayed in one or more conspicuous locations.
Where can I obtain a load plaque?
Load plaques may be purchased from SMA member companies.
Can I erect my own Work Platform or Shelving System?
Yes, you may erect your own work platform or shelving system.
Most manufacturers or their representatives provide qualified installation services and it is recommended that trained installers be utilized. Each manufacturer provides detailed installation instructions showing how their products are assembled. These instructions must be followed completely to assure system performance. Specialty tools and equipment may be required to complete the installation. Squareness, plumbness, bolt tightening and anchor bolt installation are only several of the processes critical for a proper installation
Should work platforms and/or shelving systems be periodically inspected?
Following initial installation, the work platform and/or shelving system owner should establish and implement a program of regularly scheduled work platform and/or shelving system inspections. The inspections should be performed by a qualified person familiar with the work platform or shelving design and installation requirements. Work platforms and/or shelving should be inspected periodically to check for any damage or abuse and immediately after any event that occurs that may result in damage to the structure. The frequency of inspections should be up to the discretion of the owner, depending on the conditions of use. As a minimum, inspections should be performed annually. The inspection schedule and results of the inspection should be documented and retained. Should there be any concerns as a result of the inspection, refer to the FAQ on damage, overloading or others as applicable. For your convenience, the SMA has created a generic inspection form which is available as a free download.
What are the life safety concerns to be considered when purchasing a work platform and/or shelving system?
There are many life safety concerns that dictate the design of work platforms and or shelving systems. These include, but are not limited to, fire protection, travel distance, means-of-egress, commodity classification, lighting and ventilation. Because these requirements continue to evolve, these items are typically not included in the scope of work provided by the work platform and/or shelving system manufacturer. It is the responsibility of the owner or the owner’s integrator to ensure that all applicable codes are complied with in their facility.
Does OSHA require handrail/guardrail to be painted a specific color?
No, OSHA does not specify that guarding or handrails be painted any specific color. Often manufacturers offer a high visibility color for these products.
What is the difference between OSHA and IBC?
The International Building Code (IBC) is the model building code from which most state and local codes are developed. It combines construction design requirements from many agencies and covers all aspects of building construction. OSHA is a Federal safety standard designed to protect workers and users from environmental, health and safety hazards. The two may not be in agreement on specific details for every construction detail, in which the local authority should be contacted for clarification.
Can I re-configure my work platform?
Although most work platforms are designed to be demountable, they should only be re-configured with the approval of a Qualified Design Professional or the manufacturer of the work platform. Verification of the structural integrity of the re-configured work platform is critical to the continued safe usage.
Does ANSI’s guideline specify “Safety Gates” for elevated platforms?
Fall protection at temporary openings within the guards for designated drop zones on elevated surfaces is required. This can be achieved through the use of a double hung safety gate which provides continuous protection, or from the use of approved fall protection equipment that meets the requirements of ANSI/ASSE359.2.
What is the difference between a work platform, equipment platform and a mezzanine?
The International Building Code (IBC) defines a mezzanine as “an intermediate level or levels between the floor and the ceiling of any story and in accordance with section 505”. This typically refers to built-in structures that are a part of the building.
ANSI MH28.3 defines a work platform as “an industrial steel work platform that has an elevated floor surface, is typically a prefabricated free-standing building-like, non-building structure that utilizes a pre-designed framing system, and is located within an industrial or similarly restricted environment.
ANSI MH28.3 defines an equipment platform as “a special class of work platform, including the associated elevated walkways, stairs or ladders necessary to access the platform, located adjacent to factory equipment with the intended limited use for the cleaning, repair and maintenance of said equipment by trained personnel”.
In the past work platforms were commonly referred to as mezzanines, however because of their distinct differences and code requirements, the new classification and specification for work platforms (MH28.3) was created.
What is the difference between handrail and guards (guarding)?
The proposed MH32.1 defines guards as “objects installed on an elevated work platform to provide fall protection for the occupants of the work platform”. Typical guards consist of a top rail, an intermediate rail, kick plates and supporting posts. Handrail is defined as “a smooth, continuous railing that runs up a stairway assembly to provide added balance and safety for the occupants as they walk up or down the stairway assembly”. Handrail is most typically the grasping rail found on stairs and ramps. Handrails may serve as the top rail of the guard on a stairway provided it is between 34 and 38 inches above the leading edge of the treads.
Does my work platform have to be painted?
No. Steel work platforms that are not exposed to the elements do not require a finish coating. It is recommended for protection and aesthetic purposes that work platforms receive some form of coating. This coating may be either factory or field applied. In exterior exposed applications, steel should be protected from corrosion by painting, galvanizing or other means. Likewise, steel should be protected from corrosion in special applications such as chemical plants, food and other high sanitary plants, or other environments that may provide a higher level of corrosion. Some end users may have special finish requirements that need to be addressed which would be considered project-specific.
What is meant by seismic separation?
In an earthquake, work platforms and buildings typically move at different rates and often in opposite directions. Through design, a minimum distance is calculated to separate the structural components so that they do not hit each other during a seismic event.
What is meant by an industrial application as referenced in MH28.2 and MH28.3?
For work platforms and shelving systems, an industrial application is a factory, warehouse, manufacturing space or similar area. This area is typically restricted from the general public and requires that those working in these areas are properly trained, appropriately dressed, and physically able to work in such environments.
What is the difference between Retail/Consumer and Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving?
Retail/Consumer Boltless Shelving is meant to be used within the home, shop, or garage application. It is under a nominal 96 inches in height and is not designed to withstand seismic or wind forces; whereas, Industrial Boltless Shelving is designed for industrial applications, can be multi-level, may be a part of a larger system and is designed for seismic forces.
Where does one obtain seismic design hazard information now that the USGS has discontinued supporting the mapping tool?
Seismic hazard design information is now available at:
http://www.seaoc.org/page/seismicdesignmaptool
Do the risers on my Industrial Work Platform or Shelving-Supported Platform stair need to be closed?
In general, no. Per ANSI MH32.1-2018, closed risers are not required. Per the IBC, stairs in occupancy groups I-3, F, H, and S, which are not accessible to the general public, do not require closed risers.
How do I determine the correct type of access for my Industrial Work Platform or Shelving-Supported Platform?
MHI has created MH32.1 to describe the different types of stairs, ladders and guarding used for various material handling systems. (ref: ANSI MH32.1-2018 and the IBC Chapter 10).
Factors such as intended usage of the platform, size of the platform, occupant load, travel distance and others can determine which of the many types of access are permitted. Contact your SMA member company who can assist you in determining the appropriate type of access for your application.
Are work platforms designed for the possible use of autonomous mobile robots?
Robots can require special design consideration for a work platform with regard to loading, deflection, and deck surface. Speciality flooring may also be required that takes into account coefficient of friction, surface roughness, floor flatness, gloss, and wear that can affect the ability of robots to run at their peak. Consult with the manufacturer of the robot for exact parameters required for the design. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Can powered pallet jacks or walkie stackers be used on the platform?
Yes, provided design consideration is given to the static and dynamic wheel loads and other details of the jack. These types of jacks often have uneven and high wheel loads which can overload a standard decking design. It is important to get actual, maximum wheel loads (including product load) from the jack manufacturer to incorporate into the design. Specialty flooring materials may also be required for strength and durability. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Are the ANSI SMA steel shelving standards applicable to the design of mobile shelving?
Yes. ANSI SMA steel shelving standards do apply to the design of shelving placed on mobile carriages. All posts of the shelving system must be secured to the mobile unit and the design of the overall structure shall consider the forces induced on the shelving due to the movement of the mobile unit. While shelving manufacturers are typically not responsible for the design of the mobile carriage, they are expected to provide maximum base plate loads to the carriage manufacturer. www.mhi.org/sma/standards
Can shelving units by reconfigured without affecting their rated capacity?
While shelving is generally manufactured for adjustability and assembly in multiple configurations, one cannot assume that it can be reconfigured without affecting its rated capacity. Modifying the shelving to a configuration that was not considered in its original design may create an unsafe condition. Prior to making any changes to a shelving unit, reference the load application and configuration drawings to verify that the system has been designed for multiple shelf configurations; if not, contact the shelving manufacturer or a Qualified Design Professional to review and approve the proposed reconfiguration. When shelving reconfigurations result in a change to maximum shelf or bay loads, information contained on load plaques must be updated accordingly.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
Does open or closed-style shelving require additional sprinkler protection?
The requirement for the installation of automatic sprinkler systems is under the authority of the local building and/or fire officials. Since the shelving manufacturer is typically not responsible for fire protection, it is recommended that one consults with these officials, as well as insurance providers, prior to the preparation of construction documents for shelving systems. The need for additional sprinkler protection will depend on the type of items being stored and their packaging, the maximum storage and ceiling height, the area and configuration of the shelving. It is important to keep in mind that any barriers that prevent a fire’s heat from reaching the sprinkler heads may delay their activation and also restrict water from reaching the base of the fire within the shelving system.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
Can building columns or other building elements penetrate a work platform or shelving system floor?
Yes. Work platforms, shelving systems and buildings move by varying amounts so separation must be maintained so that the platform and building components do not contact each other during normal operations or a seismic event. A qualified design professional can assure that the design meets code requirements.
Is it permissible to attach work platforms or shelving systems to building columns or walls?
Additional loads from the work platform or shelving system may affect the foundation, lateral resisting system of the building and the effects of relative stiffnesses of the two dissimilar structures. Attachment of a work platform or shelving system to a building column or wall should only be permitted after consultation with the engineer of record for the building who can analyze and approve the additional effects of the work platform or shelving system on the building.
What are the fire code requirements for the decking used on my work platform or shelving system?
The International Code Congress (ICC) has interpreted the wood decking to be as an interior floor finish, and is not required to be noncombustible. (Reference IBC Table 601, and Sections 602, 603, 804 & 805). The building elements permissible in construction depend on the type of construction to be used. Types of construction range from Type I through Type V. Types I and II are the most restrictive concerning combustibility requirements of building elements, while type V allows any materials permitted by code to be used. In Type I and II construction of work platforms, the structural elements are normally required to be made of noncombustible materials.
Combustible decking materials may be used in all types of construction where they are not considered a structural element of the work platform. An example of this is wood decking that is installed over a noncombustible structural element, such as corrugated metal roof deck. The uniform and point loads on the structure are designed to be carried by the substructure (floor framing) and the roof deck, not the wood decking.
For more details on this subject, please contact a member of the SMA.
What is the difference between a Qualified and Registered Design Professional?
A Qualified Design Professional is an individual with the knowledge of and the ability to apply the design principles appropriate to the specific application.
A Registered Design Professional is an individual with the knowledge of and the ability to apply the design principles appropriate to the specific application and who is registered or licensed to practice his/her design profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the professional registration laws of a state or jurisdiction. Typically, the design calculations and construction drawings submitted in order to obtain a building permit are certified by the Registered Design Professional licensed in the state where the work platform/shelving system is located.
How would I know if I need a building permit for my work platform or shelving system?
These systems, not unlike building structures, are often subject to the building code review and permitting process. The user should determine from local authorities which building code is applicable and should report that information to the work platform or shelving system manufacturer.
The model building codes have been adopted/adapted and are being enforced by the municipality, county or state to include work platforms and shelving structures - e. g., the International Building Code or the NFPA 5000. These provisions often include the requirement of a local building permit. Occasionally, local requirements may differ slightly from the more generally-applied national and international building codes.
If I do need a permit, what documents are normally required from the work platform or shelving system supplier and from the owner? Is there a cost for this?
Typically the owner works with the work platform or shelving system supplier to assemble and process this information through the permitting process.
The documents required for a building permit normally include but are not limited to:
design calculations from an engineering analysis sealed by a Registered Design Professional which includes the various load conditions for which it has been designed.
project drawings sealed by a Registered Design Professional which includes details of the proposed work platform or shelving system and its use.
demonstration of conformance with all applicable building code provisions (often included as a part of the calculations and drawings).
information about the building in which these systems will be housed and used. The building information may include relevant information about the characteristics of the floor slab, the below-slab soils, and about the building structure if connections to the building are proposed.
There may be costs associated with the development and processing of this information through the local permitting process and for a building permit itself. The magnitude of these costs and how they are shared are matters of negotiation between the owner and the work platform or shelving system supplier and may relate to the size, complexity, and site-specific requirements of a particular project.
Does my shelving system or work platform need a load plaque?
Yes. Load plaques serve as a constant reminder of the rated load capacity of the work platform or shelving system. Plaques may also serve as a record of the platform or shelving manufacturer.
The ANSI Work platform Specification states that work platform installations shall display load plaques. Building and safety inspectors may require that plaques be installed.
Load plaques should be a minimum of 50 square inches and show in clear, legible print the maximum permissible uniformly distributed live load and/or special loads for the work platform and shelf and/or bay loads for shelving systems.
Plaques shall be displayed in one or more conspicuous locations.
Where can I obtain a load plaque?
Load plaques may be purchased from SMA member companies.
How do I know if I need footings under my work platform columns?
A typical slab-on-grade has a limited capacity to carry a concentrated load from a column. The greater the column load, the greater the chance that footings will be required. The manufacturers of the work platforms typically do not provide floor analysis but will provide column loads that can be furnished to the Engineer of Record doing the floor slab evaluation based on the strength and thickness of the floor slab and the allowable soil bearing pressure.
What codes and standards are used in the design of work platforms?
The design of work platforms is covered in ANSI MH28.3. However, structural design, load combinations and life safety considerations can be found in the applicable state and local codes, which are typically based on the IBC, ASCE7, AISC, AISI, NFPA, OSHA, FEMA and others.
What is the difference between OSHA and IBC?
The International Building Code (IBC) is the model building code from which most state and local codes are developed. It combines construction design requirements from many agencies and covers all aspects of building construction. OSHA is a Federal safety standard designed to protect workers and users from environmental, health and safety hazards. The two may not be in agreement on specific details for every construction detail, in which the local authority should be contacted for clarification.
Where does one obtain seismic design hazard information now that the USGS has discontinued supporting the mapping tool?
Seismic hazard design information is now available at:
http://www.seaoc.org/page/seismicdesignmaptool
What is the maximum allowable shelf deflection at maximum shelf load?
Shelving designed to the American National Standard (ANSI MH28.1) will carry a maximum capacity based on a uniformly distributed load. At that load, one should expect to see mid-span deflection no greater than L/140, where L is the maximum span of the shelf. For example, a 48" shelf should not deflect more than 48"/140 or 0.3" at maximum shelf capacity. When unloaded, the shelf should return to its level state. It is normal for shelves to deflect under load.
Can one help stabilize or stiffen the shelving or work platforms by tying to the building?
While it may be possible to tie work platforms or shelving to a building structure, this should never be done without consulting both the equipment provider and building designer to assure that each structure can receive and resist any forces that may be transferred.
Is it permissible to add vertical extensions onto exiting shelving units?
To expand vertically, one will need to know if the existing installation was designed to hold increased shelf loads. A qualified design professional is the best person to answer the question. He/She can do a structural analysis of the existing shelving layout and advise on how best to expand to meet present and future needs.
How do I design my work platform for point loads and for pallet jack loads?
This is an important consideration, as these loads by definition are more concentrated, may be dynamic instead of static, and often are more damaging to the floor than uniform loads. It is imperative that the end user determines what type of traffic may be on the work platform. Common types of traffic include pedestrian, rolling loads from pallet jacks or carts, and point loads from shelving units, conveyor legs, and other heavy equipment. Rolling loads may be problematic for some types of flooring. The end user needs to consult with the manufacturer of the work platform and provide the usage and loading information so that the work platform can be properly designed including deck selection. The load carrying capacity of a work platform may be limited by the decking surface type, as well as the elements of the underlying substructure.
What loading criteria should I consider when designing my work platform or shelving system with bar grating for pedestrian and light cart traffic?
Light duty steel grating is best suited for use in conjunction with pedestrian traffic, and for light, rubber pneumatic-tired rolling traffic (carts, dollies, and hand trucks,) The National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) recommends a maximum deflection of L/240 or less for uniform loads. ¼" is considered the maximum deflection consistent for pedestrian comfort, but can be exceeded for other loading conditions at the discretion of the qualified design professional.
How do I know if my system will require seismic design?
State and local building codes, most commonly based on the International Building Code (IBC), or local building officials will provide guidance to owners/users as to appropriate considerations for your specific site. The US Geological Survey has created a spectral mapping system of the USA, USA territories, and select foreign countries that identifies seismic risk to a level as precise as specific latitude/longitude.
Storage systems, not unlike buildings, are often subject to the building code review and permitting process. Most communities face the potential of earthquakes to varying degrees, magnitudes, and probabilities. Particular seismic requirements are site-specific, and the user should bring to the attention of the manufacturer the specific local requirements, including applicable building codes, the specific installation location, any knowledge of the supporting concrete slab, and any information about the below-slab soils and their properties. Storage systems should be designed, manufactured, installed, and used in accordance with the requirements of the site; these requirements may include seismic effects and may also include the characteristics of the building in which the storage system is housed. To find the requirements for your job site, contact a structural engineer familiar with seismic requirements at the site as well as the local building authority.
What should I know about height-to-depth ratios for catalog shelving?
The height-to-depth ratio is an important factor used in evaluating the stability of a shelving system. The maximum height-to-depth ratio for catalog shelving located in a non-seismic region is 4-to-1 (4:1). For catalog shelving the height of the shelving is considered the top of the post. This ratio is determined by dividing the height of the unit by its depth. If the result is greater than four (4:1), then floor anchoring and/or cross-aisle top-tying may be required. It is best to check with a qualified design professional to review the installation.
To what load rating should my work platform be designed?
Determining the correct load rating for a work platform is dependent on the intended use and types of equipment placed on it. The work platform may be designed based on a minimum uniform live load, maximum point load, or actual equipment weight. The International Building Code (IBC) states in Table 1607.1 that work platforms used for light manufacturing or storage applications are designed to carry a default minimum uniform live load of 125 pounds per square foot (psf). This uniform rating averages the total combined weight of racks or shelving, equipment, walkways, loading areas, and products. Due consideration must be given to verify that point loads from racks, shelving, or other equipment do not exceed the capacity of the work platform. Other types of work- platforms such as conveyor support structures, equipment support platforms and other specialty structures may be designed for the specific loads they support. Careful analysis of the loads must be done to assure proper design criteria. Consulting an SMA member company regarding work platforms will help assure a correct design.
Does deflection play an important role in the design of work platforms?
Deflection is one of five criteria that comprise serviceability design considerations, as recommended by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Serviceability deals with "the state in which the function of a building, its appearance, maintainability, durability, and comfort of its occupants are preserved under normal usage". Neglecting serviceability issues may result in a structure that is overly flexible, which could lead to unacceptable performance of the structure, or movement that is in excess of what is comfortable to people on the structures. Deflection and drift (lateral deflection) criteria need to be determined with use of the intended structure in mind. Deflection is typically measured as a relationship to the span of the member. Common live load deflection limits are L/240 and L/360 depending on flooring type and occupancy, where L is the span of the floor beams.
It is sometimes difficult to specify limits for work platforms because they can vary depending on the type of structure, its intended use, and subjective physiological reactions. For example, acceptable deflections for an office on a work platform would be different than for shelving units on a work platform. The occupants sitting at a desk would be more sensitive to floor deflections than somebody walking across a work platform. When someone can see or feel the deflection in a structure, a discomforting feeling can occur. On normal work platforms used for storage or manufacturing, L/240 limits are adequate. For a work platform with an office on it, a plaster or drywall ceiling hung from underneath, or a concrete deck, L/360 would be appropriate. Many types of conveyors may have higher limits such as L/720 or L/1000, as requested by the manufacturers. Attention must also be paid to other pieces of equipment or processes that may be on the work platform. Standard deflection criteria may not be acceptable when supporting a scale or other precision equipment. It becomes imperative that the Qualified Design Professional understand the nature of the equipment and/or application in order to ensure proper performance.
What are the life safety concerns to be considered when purchasing a work platform and/or shelving system?
There are many life safety concerns that dictate the design of work platforms and or shelving systems. These include, but are not limited to, fire protection, travel distance, means-of-egress, commodity classification, lighting and ventilation. Because these requirements continue to evolve, these items are typically not included in the scope of work provided by the work platform and/or shelving system manufacturer. It is the responsibility of the owner or the owner’s integrator to ensure that all applicable codes are complied with in their facility.
How do I compute the wheel loads on a manual pallet jack?
The wheel loads on a manual pallet jack is case-specific and needs to be figured on a job-per-job basis and is therefore beyond the scope of this FAQ; however, that being said, following is an example for computing the wheel loads for a three-point pallet jack (two separated front point loads and a single rear point load): The total weight of the pallet jack and its load rating should be used for total load. The rear steering wheel(s) is presumed to carry a point load equal to 50% of the total load and the front fork wheel(s) are each presumed to carry a point load equal to 25% of the total load. For a 3,000 lb. rated pallet jack with a self-weight of 500 lbs. equals 3,500 lbs total load. The rear steering wheel(s) will carry 1,750 lbs. and each fork wheel will carry 875 lbs.
How do I know if I need footings under my work platform columns?
A typical slab-on-grade has a limited capacity to carry a concentrated load from a column. The greater the column load, the greater the chance that footings will be required. The manufacturers of the work platforms typically do not provide floor analysis but will provide column loads that can be furnished to the Engineer of Record doing the floor slab evaluation based on the strength and thickness of the floor slab and the allowable soil bearing pressure.
How is the size of the base plate determined?
A base plate is one of the major engineered components of any structural system. This is typical of either industrial bin shelving, boltless shelving, storage racks or work platforms. Many factors contribute to the final design size and thickness including lateral and vertical loads, strength of the steel plate, size of the columns, size and required spacing of anchor bolts, strength and thickness of the floor slab, and the allowable soil bearing pressure. The Qualified Design Professional must account for all of these factors, as well as “fit and function” factors when finalizing the design of base plates.
What codes and standards are used in the design of work platforms?
The design of work platforms is covered in ANSI MH28.3. However, structural design, load combinations and life safety considerations can be found in the applicable state and local codes, which are typically based on the IBC, ASCE7, AISC, AISI, NFPA, OSHA, FEMA and others.
Can I re-configure my work platform?
Although most work platforms are designed to be demountable, they should only be re-configured with the approval of a Qualified Design Professional or the manufacturer of the work platform. Verification of the structural integrity of the re-configured work platform is critical to the continued safe usage.
Does equipment with an Emergency-stop on a work platform pose any issues?
Yes. Moving loads that suddenly stop can induce a dynamic (Impact) force to the work platform which may affect the lateral force resisting system. The amount of load and the speed of the load are important factors in determining the maximum force. Due consideration must be given to the platform’s ability to resist this force and maintain stability.
What if I intend to change the usage of my work platform?
Work platforms are versatile in their design, but may not be specific to every application. Adding equipment or specific loadings may require additional supports. Consult the work platform manufacturer or a qualified design professional to confirm the structural integrity and code compliance for the intended usage.
Why is it important to provide the Shelving System designer with the average load per shelf as well as the maximum load per shelf for the shelving structure?
The use of average shelf load is permissible for determining the seismic down-aisle horizontal force. This can result in the economies of design; however, the Design Professional needs to determine if the use of the average shelf load is appropriate for the application and the end user or his representative need to confirm both the maximum and average loads.
The maximum shelf load is used for static analysis and cross aisle seismic analysis.
Does my work platform designed for a certain uniform live load have a specific point load rating?
No. Deck size and type, joist spacing, framing member size, and number and footprint of concentrated loads all play a factor in determining the maximum point load rating. Due consideration for any specific point loads on the platform should be part of the design. The work platform manufacturer can assist you in determining the maximum point load rating based on your application.
What is meant by seismic separation?
In an earthquake, work platforms and buildings typically move at different rates and often in opposite directions. Through design, a minimum distance is calculated to separate the structural components so that they do not hit each other during a seismic event.
What types of storage decking are used with boltless shelving?
Several types of decking are available for use on boltless shelving:
More detailed information can be found in both MHI Standards MH28.2 and MH28.4. SMA member companies can assist you with the correct decking material for your application.
Where does one obtain seismic design hazard information now that the USGS has discontinued supporting the mapping tool?
Seismic hazard design information is now available at:
http://www.seaoc.org/page/seismicdesignmaptool
Do the risers on my Industrial Work Platform or Shelving-Supported Platform stair need to be closed?
In general, no. Per ANSI MH32.1-2018, closed risers are not required. Per the IBC, stairs in occupancy groups I-3, F, H, and S, which are not accessible to the general public, do not require closed risers.
How many stairways do I need for my platform and how wide should they be?
There are a variety of factors that will affect the correct number of stairways required for the means of egress from a platform, they are as follows:
These are the main factors that determine the number of stairways required for means of egress from a platform. It is recommended that one contact your platform supplier for additional advice based on the configuration of the platform, along with the end user to establish the Building/Platform use classification and a clear path of exit access routes at the site.
Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
ANSI MH28.3-2022 Design, Utilization and Testing of Industrial Steel Work Platforms
Should there be dead and total load deflection criteria for open grid (non-decked) structures supporting material handling equipment?
Deflection is a design criterion to be considered on all structures. Limits should be determined by working with the user and/or equipment manufacturer to understand their serviceability needs. Live load, dead load and total load deflections need to be addressed. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Do wind loads and other environmental loads need to be taken into consideration if installed outside?
Yes. The work platform supplier must be advised if it will be installed outdoors as wind loads and other environmental loads can adversely affect the performance of a work platform. A Qualified Design Professional can assure that the design meets code required criteria.
Are the ANSI SMA steel shelving standards applicable to the design of mobile shelving?
Yes. ANSI SMA steel shelving standards do apply to the design of shelving placed on mobile carriages. All posts of the shelving system must be secured to the mobile unit and the design of the overall structure shall consider the forces induced on the shelving due to the movement of the mobile unit. While shelving manufacturers are typically not responsible for the design of the mobile carriage, they are expected to provide maximum base plate loads to the carriage manufacturer. www.mhi.org/sma/standards
Are there any design allowances for impact loads on shelving?
Material handling practices should minimize impact loads on shelving systems. Unless otherwise specified by the user at the initial stage of design, there are no allowances for impact loads in the design of shelving units which are typically hand-loaded, as they are considered negligible. For uses and loads that involve unusual impact forces, the purchaser is responsible for supplying the Qualified Design Professional the magnitude and location of the maximum impact forces expected on the storage structure.
For multi-level, shelving supported systems, an allowance of 25 percent (25%) of the maximum pallet weight is provided to account for vertical impact loads at pallet drop zones. This allowance is no substitute for proper lift truck operation. Lift truck operation is the responsibility of the owner, and it is assumed that well-trained material handling equipment operators, handling stable pallet loads, are utilizing the storage system.
Shelving is susceptible to overturning or collapse when impacted by powered lift trucks or hand pallet trucks; therefore, due consideration should be given to installing appropriate protective guarding to mitigate these risks.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
What is the maximum allowable side or front-to-rear lean for shelving loaded with product?
Limitations on lean are intended to prevent the development of additional forces in the shelving structure, while providing a safe and comfortable working environment. An out-of-plumb or out-of-straight condition can significantly reduce the load-carrying capacity of a shelving post. The maximum out-of-plumb or out-of-straight ratio for a fully loaded shelving structure is ³⁄₁₆” of horizontal offset in 7’-0” of height and ¼” in 10’-0”. The above limits do not apply to automated (unmanned) shelving storage systems as more stringent tolerances would typically be provided by the crane or shuttle manufacturer.
A partially loaded shelving post is likely to become further out-of-plumb or out-of-straight when additional product is stored in the system. For this reason, a shelving manufacturer will generally specify a more stringent out-of-plumb installation tolerance to not exceed the maximum allowable lean for the shelving when it is used. Shelving posts whose ratios exceed these limits shall be unloaded and re-plumbed or straightened. Shims are commonly installed beneath post base plates to plumb and level a shelving system. If any shelving posts have sustained damage, they must be repaired or replaced.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
Can building columns or other building elements penetrate a work platform or shelving system floor?
Yes. Work platforms, shelving systems and buildings move by varying amounts so separation must be maintained so that the platform and building components do not contact each other during normal operations or a seismic event. A qualified design professional can assure that the design meets code requirements.
Are knee-braces required for the lateral stability of work platforms?
All work platforms are required to resist lateral forces through different types of lateral stability systems. Knee braces may be utilized as a part of that system or to provide additional stability depending on the application. Your SMA member company qualified design professional can assist you in providing the best solution. Arbitrary removal or modification of a knee brace is not permitted without the approval of the qualified design professional.
Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
ANSI MH28.3-2022 Design, Utilization and Testing of Industrial Steel Work Platforms
Is it permissible to attach work platforms or shelving systems to building columns or walls?
Additional loads from the work platform or shelving system may affect the foundation, lateral resisting system of the building and the effects of relative stiffnesses of the two dissimilar structures. Attachment of a work platform or shelving system to a building column or wall should only be permitted after consultation with the engineer of record for the building who can analyze and approve the additional effects of the work platform or shelving system on the building.
Is it permissible to step on a shelf?
No. Unless notified otherwise by the manufacturer, typically, shelves are not designed for this purpose.
How do I design my work platform for point loads and for pallet jack loads?
This is an important consideration, as these loads by definition are more concentrated, may be dynamic instead of static, and often are more damaging to the floor than uniform loads. It is imperative that the end user determines what type of traffic may be on the work platform. Common types of traffic include pedestrian, rolling loads from pallet jacks or carts, and point loads from shelving units, conveyor legs, and other heavy equipment. Rolling loads may be problematic for some types of flooring. The end user needs to consult with the manufacturer of the work platform and provide the usage and loading information so that the work platform can be properly designed including deck selection. The load carrying capacity of a work platform may be limited by the decking surface type, as well as the elements of the underlying substructure.
What loading criteria should I consider when designing my work platform or shelving system with bar grating for pedestrian and light cart traffic?
Light duty steel grating is best suited for use in conjunction with pedestrian traffic, and for light, rubber pneumatic-tired rolling traffic (carts, dollies, and hand trucks,) The National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) recommends a maximum deflection of L/240 or less for uniform loads. ¼" is considered the maximum deflection consistent for pedestrian comfort, but can be exceeded for other loading conditions at the discretion of the qualified design professional.
What is a concentrated (point) load?
A concentrated or point load is any static load considered to act over a small or concentrated area when compared to the extent of the surface to which the load is applied. Shelving or equipment legs can be examples of concentrated/point loads. "Punch through" of the decking may be a design consideration for these types of loads.
What is a uniformly distributed load?
A uniformly distributed load is one where the load is considered evenly distributed across a defined area. Examples may be live and/or dead loads.
To what load rating should my work platform be designed?
Determining the correct load rating for a work platform is dependent on the intended use and types of equipment placed on it. The work platform may be designed based on a minimum uniform live load, maximum point load, or actual equipment weight. The International Building Code (IBC) states in Table 1607.1 that work platforms used for light manufacturing or storage applications are designed to carry a default minimum uniform live load of 125 pounds per square foot (psf). This uniform rating averages the total combined weight of racks or shelving, equipment, walkways, loading areas, and products. Due consideration must be given to verify that point loads from racks, shelving, or other equipment do not exceed the capacity of the work platform. Other types of work- platforms such as conveyor support structures, equipment support platforms and other specialty structures may be designed for the specific loads they support. Careful analysis of the loads must be done to assure proper design criteria. Consulting an SMA member company regarding work platforms will help assure a correct design.
When using bar grating as an elevated decking surface for a work platform and/or shelving module, what is the recommended minimum loading for the decking?
Light-duty steel grating (bearing bar thickness of ³⁄₁₆” or less) is best suited for use in conjunction with pedestrian traffic, light floor loading, and rubber pneumatic-tired rolling traffic (carts, dollies, and hand trucks) under 500 lbs. total. For pedestrian loading, the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers – Metal Bar Grating (NAAMM-MBG) recommends a minimum design load for the grating of 100 psf, with a maximum deflection of L/240 ≤ ¼” (ANSI/NAAMM-MBG-531-00). This deflection limit can be exceeded for other loading conditions at the discretion of the qualified design professional.
For light rolling loads, a bearing bar spacing less than 1” on center is recommended for proper wheel load distribution and a smooth surface for the rolling load. For a manual pallet jack carrying heavier loads (over 1,000 pounds), a bearing bar spacing of ½” or less is recommended. Other types of rolling pallet jacks (electric or walkies) may require special design considerations.
How do I compute the wheel loads on a manual pallet jack?
The wheel loads on a manual pallet jack is case-specific and needs to be figured on a job-per-job basis and is therefore beyond the scope of this FAQ; however, that being said, following is an example for computing the wheel loads for a three-point pallet jack (two separated front point loads and a single rear point load): The total weight of the pallet jack and its load rating should be used for total load. The rear steering wheel(s) is presumed to carry a point load equal to 50% of the total load and the front fork wheel(s) are each presumed to carry a point load equal to 25% of the total load. For a 3,000 lb. rated pallet jack with a self-weight of 500 lbs. equals 3,500 lbs total load. The rear steering wheel(s) will carry 1,750 lbs. and each fork wheel will carry 875 lbs.
How is the weight of an occupant or employee accounted for in the design load of the flooring system?
The recommended minimum design live loads as specified in the codes/standards (e.g. IBC, ASCE7) include both point loads and uniform loads. For stairs the weight of an occupant is generally considered a point load (minimum 300# concentrated load at the center of a tread) and for a walking/work surfaces, the occupant load is include within the minimum uniform live load (typically a minimum live load of 125 psf for light-duty storage, 60 psf for pick aisles, and 40 psf for catwalks).
What is the best initial loading protocol for a shelving storage system?
All storage systems are designed for a specified live load in any location, and it is commonly assumed by the designer that the shelves in it will be loaded and unloaded in a random fashion during its lifetime. With that said, an appropriate approach to initially loading a shelving system is to start at the bottom shelf and work upwards, working from the middle bays outwards.
Does equipment with an Emergency-stop on a work platform pose any issues?
Yes. Moving loads that suddenly stop can induce a dynamic (Impact) force to the work platform which may affect the lateral force resisting system. The amount of load and the speed of the load are important factors in determining the maximum force. Due consideration must be given to the platform’s ability to resist this force and maintain stability.
Why is it important to provide the Shelving System designer with the average load per shelf as well as the maximum load per shelf for the shelving structure?
The use of average shelf load is permissible for determining the seismic down-aisle horizontal force. This can result in the economies of design; however, the Design Professional needs to determine if the use of the average shelf load is appropriate for the application and the end user or his representative need to confirm both the maximum and average loads.
The maximum shelf load is used for static analysis and cross aisle seismic analysis.
Does my work platform designed for a certain uniform live load have a specific point load rating?
No. Deck size and type, joist spacing, framing member size, and number and footprint of concentrated loads all play a factor in determining the maximum point load rating. Due consideration for any specific point loads on the platform should be part of the design. The work platform manufacturer can assist you in determining the maximum point load rating based on your application.
Should there be dead and total load deflection criteria for open grid (non-decked) structures supporting material handling equipment?
Deflection is a design criterion to be considered on all structures. Limits should be determined by working with the user and/or equipment manufacturer to understand their serviceability needs. Live load, dead load and total load deflections need to be addressed. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Do wind loads and other environmental loads need to be taken into consideration if installed outside?
Yes. The work platform supplier must be advised if it will be installed outdoors as wind loads and other environmental loads can adversely affect the performance of a work platform. A Qualified Design Professional can assure that the design meets code required criteria.
Are work platforms designed for the possible use of autonomous mobile robots?
Robots can require special design consideration for a work platform with regard to loading, deflection, and deck surface. Specialty flooring may also be required that takes into account coefficient of friction, surface roughness, floor flatness, gloss, and wear that can affect the ability of robots to run at their peak. Consult with the manufacturer of the robot for exact parameters required for the design. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Can powered pallet jacks or walkie stackers be used on the platform?
Yes, provided design consideration is given to the static and dynamic wheel loads and other details of the jack. These types of jacks often have uneven and high wheel loads which can overload a standard decking design. It is important to get actual, maximum wheel loads (including product load) from the jack manufacturer to incorporate into the design. Specialty flooring materials may also be required for strength and durability. Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
Are there any design allowances for impact loads on shelving?
Material handling practices should minimize impact loads on shelving systems. Unless otherwise specified by the user at the initial stage of design, there are no allowances for impact loads in the design of shelving units which are typically hand-loaded, as they are considered negligible. For uses and loads that involve unusual impact forces, the purchaser is responsible for supplying the Qualified Design Professional the magnitude and location of the maximum impact forces expected on the storage structure.
For multi-level, shelving supported systems, an allowance of 25 percent (25%) of the maximum pallet weight is provided to account for vertical impact loads at pallet drop zones. This allowance is no substitute for proper lift truck operation. Lift truck operation is the responsibility of the owner, and it is assumed that well-trained material handling equipment operators, handling stable pallet loads, are utilizing the storage system.
Shelving is susceptible to overturning or collapse when impacted by powered lift trucks or hand pallet trucks; therefore, due consideration should be given to installing appropriate protective guarding to mitigate these risks.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
Does OSHA require handrail/guardrail to be painted a specific color?
No, OSHA does not specify that guarding or handrails be painted any specific color. Often manufacturers offer a high visibility color for these products.
Does ANSI’s guideline specify “Safety Gates” for elevated platforms?
Fall protection at temporary openings within the guards for designated drop zones on elevated surfaces is required. This can be achieved through the use of a double hung safety gate which provides continuous protection, or from the use of approved fall protection equipment that meets the requirements of ANSI/ASSE359.2.
What is the difference between handrail and guards (guarding)?
The proposed MH32.1 defines guards as “objects installed on an elevated work platform to provide fall protection for the occupants of the work platform”. Typical guards consist of a top rail, an intermediate rail, kick plates and supporting posts. Handrail is defined as “a smooth, continuous railing that runs up a stairway assembly to provide added balance and safety for the occupants as they walk up or down the stairway assembly”. Handrail is most typically the grasping rail found on stairs and ramps. Handrails may serve as the top rail of the guard on a stairway provided it is between 34 and 38 inches above the leading edge of the treads.
Does my work platform have to be painted?
No. Steel work platforms that are not exposed to the elements do not require a finish coating. It is recommended for protection and aesthetic purposes that work platforms receive some form of coating. This coating may be either factory or field applied. In exterior exposed applications, steel should be protected from corrosion by painting, galvanizing or other means. Likewise, steel should be protected from corrosion in special applications such as chemical plants, food and other high sanitary plants, or other environments that may provide a higher level of corrosion. Some end users may have special finish requirements that need to be addressed which would be considered project-specific.
Do the risers on my Industrial Work Platform or Shelving-Supported Platform stair need to be closed?
In general, no. Per ANSI MH32.1-2018, closed risers are not required. Per the IBC, stairs in occupancy groups I-3, F, H, and S, which are not accessible to the general public, do not require closed risers.
How do I determine the correct type of access for my Industrial Work Platform or Shelving-Supported Platform?
MHI has created MH32.1 to describe the different types of stairs, ladders and guarding used for various material handling systems. (ref: ANSI MH32.1-2018 and the IBC Chapter 10).
Factors such as intended usage of the platform, size of the platform, occupant load, travel distance and others can determine which of the many types of access are permitted. Contact your SMA member company who can assist you in determining the appropriate type of access for your application.
How many stairways do I need for my platform and how wide should they be?
There are a variety of factors that will affect the correct number of stairways required for the means of egress from a platform, they are as follows:
These are the main factors that determine the number of stairways required for means of egress from a platform. It is recommended that one contact your platform supplier for additional advice based on the configuration of the platform, along with the end user to establish the Building/Platform use classification and a clear path of exit access routes at the site.
Industrial Work Platform User's Guide
ANSI MH28.3-2022 Design, Utilization and Testing of Industrial Steel Work Platforms
Can one help stabilize or stiffen the shelving or work platforms by tying to the building?
While it may be possible to tie work platforms or shelving to a building structure, this should never be done without consulting both the equipment provider and building designer to assure that each structure can receive and resist any forces that may be transferred.
Does my shelving system or work platform need a load plaque?
Yes. Load plaques serve as a constant reminder of the rated load capacity of the work platform or shelving system. Plaques may also serve as a record of the platform or shelving manufacturer.
The ANSI Work platform Specification states that work platform installations shall display load plaques. Building and safety inspectors may require that plaques be installed.
Load plaques should be a minimum of 50 square inches and show in clear, legible print the maximum permissible uniformly distributed live load and/or special loads for the work platform and shelf and/or bay loads for shelving systems.
Plaques shall be displayed in one or more conspicuous locations.
Where can I obtain a load plaque?
Load plaques may be purchased from SMA member companies.
Can I erect my own Work Platform or Shelving System?
Yes, you may erect your own work platform or shelving system.
Most manufacturers or their representatives provide qualified installation services and it is recommended that trained installers be utilized. Each manufacturer provides detailed installation instructions showing how their products are assembled. These instructions must be followed completely to assure system performance. Specialty tools and equipment may be required to complete the installation. Squareness, plumbness, bolt tightening and anchor bolt installation are only several of the processes critical for a proper installation
What is the best initial loading protocol for a shelving storage system?
All storage systems are designed for a specified live load in any location, and it is commonly assumed by the designer that the shelves in it will be loaded and unloaded in a random fashion during its lifetime. With that said, an appropriate approach to initially loading a shelving system is to start at the bottom shelf and work upwards, working from the middle bays outwards.
Can I attach my work platform to an asphalt surface?
Work platforms are normally designed to be anchored to a concrete slab, foundation (footing) or other supporting steel structure. Anchoring to any other surfaces should only be done with the consent of a Qualified Design Professional.
What is the maximum allowable side or front-to-rear lean for shelving loaded with product?
Limitations on lean are intended to prevent the development of additional forces in the shelving structure, while providing a safe and comfortable working environment. An out-of-plumb or out-of-straight condition can significantly reduce the load-carrying capacity of a shelving post. The maximum out-of-plumb or out-of-straight ratio for a fully loaded shelving structure is ³⁄₁₆” of horizontal offset in 7’-0” of height and ¼” in 10’-0”. The above limits do not apply to automated (unmanned) shelving storage systems as more stringent tolerances would typically be provided by the crane or shuttle manufacturer.
A partially loaded shelving post is likely to become further out-of-plumb or out-of-straight when additional product is stored in the system. For this reason, a shelving manufacturer will generally specify a more stringent out-of-plumb installation tolerance to not exceed the maximum allowable lean for the shelving when it is used. Shelving posts whose ratios exceed these limits shall be unloaded and re-plumbed or straightened. Shims are commonly installed beneath post base plates to plumb and level a shelving system. If any shelving posts have sustained damage, they must be repaired or replaced.
Multi-Level Shelving User's Guide
ANSI MH28.2-2022 – Design, Testing and Utilization of Industrial Boltless Steel Shelving
Is it permissible to attach work platforms or shelving systems to building columns or walls?
Additional loads from the work platform or shelving system may affect the foundation, lateral resisting system of the building and the effects of relative stiffnesses of the two dissimilar structures. Attachment of a work platform or shelving system to a building column or wall should only be permitted after consultation with the engineer of record for the building who can analyze and approve the additional effects of the work platform or shelving system on the building.
Is it permissible to step on a shelf?
No. Unless notified otherwise by the manufacturer, typically, shelves are not designed for this purpose.
What do I do if my shelving/work platform is damaged or if I suspect that there may be a structural problem such as overloading?
Damage can originate from a number of causes, most notably from impact. Any structural damage to the system will negatively impact capacity and performance. Structural problems, such as overloading, typically manifest themselves in such manners as excessive deflection or excessive sway.
Where any visible damage or suspected structural problems occur, isolate the area in question to minimize the risk of injury to workers, or to goods and/or property, and then notify a responsible party. The manufacturer, or their representative, should be summoned for an evaluation of the problem. If the manufacturer cannot be identified, a Qualified Design Professional, with experience in the design and implementation of shelving/work platforms, should be retained for an evaluation of the problem. The correction will generally involve an unloading protocol followed by the replacement or repair of the damaged component(s).
What should I do if I think there may be damage to my work platform and/or shelving system?
If there are any concerns about structural problems with the platform or shelving system, the first priority must be to isolate the area in question, then evaluate the damage & situation and then safely unload the area supported by the damaged component and to prevent loads from being placed into that area. Then, the manufacturer’s representative should be contacted for an engineering evaluation of the problem. If the manufacturer cannot be identified, an independent engineer, experienced in the design of platform or shelving systems, should be retained to evaluate the damage and propose the repair. The repair should be performed by an experienced installer, and the repairs should leave the storage system as strong as the original installation.
Should work platforms and/or shelving systems be periodically inspected?
Following initial installation, the work platform and/or shelving system owner should establish and implement a program of regularly scheduled work platform and/or shelving system inspections. The inspections should be performed by a qualified person familiar with the work platform or shelving design and installation requirements. Work platforms and/or shelving should be inspected periodically to check for any damage or abuse and immediately after any event that occurs that may result in damage to the structure. The frequency of inspections should be up to the discretion of the owner, depending on the conditions of use. As a minimum, inspections should be performed annually. The inspection schedule and results of the inspection should be documented and retained. Should there be any concerns as a result of the inspection, refer to the FAQ on damage, overloading or others as applicable. For your convenience, the SMA has created a generic inspection form which is available as a free download.
What is the best initial loading protocol for a shelving storage system?
All storage systems are designed for a specified live load in any location, and it is commonly assumed by the designer that the shelves in it will be loaded and unloaded in a random fashion during its lifetime. With that said, an appropriate approach to initially loading a shelving system is to start at the bottom shelf and work upwards, working from the middle bays outwards.
What are the fire code requirements for the decking used on my work platform or shelving system?
The International Code Congress (ICC) has interpreted the wood decking to be as an interior floor finish, and is not required to be noncombustible. (Reference IBC Table 601, and Sections 602, 603, 804 & 805). The building elements permissible in construction depend on the type of construction to be used. Types of construction range from Type I through Type V. Types I and II are the most restrictive concerning combustibility requirements of building elements, while type V allows any materials permitted by code to be used. In Type I and II construction of work platforms, the structural elements are normally required to be made of noncombustible materials.
Combustible decking materials may be used in all types of construction where they are not considered a structural element of the work platform. An example of this is wood decking that is installed over a noncombustible structural element, such as corrugated metal roof deck. The uniform and point loads on the structure are designed to be carried by the substructure (floor framing) and the roof deck, not the wood decking.
For more details on this subject, please contact a member of the SMA.
What loading criteria should I consider when designing my work platform or shelving system with bar grating for pedestrian and light cart traffic?
Light duty steel grating is best suited for use in conjunction with pedestrian traffic, and for light, rubber pneumatic-tired rolling traffic (carts, dollies, and hand trucks,) The National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM) recommends a maximum deflection of L/240 or less for uniform loads. ¼" is considered the maximum deflection consistent for pedestrian comfort, but can be exceeded for other loading conditions at the discretion of the qualified design professional.
When using bar grating as an elevated decking surface for a work platform and/or shelving module, what is the recommended minimum loading for the decking?
Light-duty steel grating (bearing bar thickness of ³⁄₁₆” or less) is best suited for use in conjunction with pedestrian traffic, light floor loading, and rubber pneumatic-tired rolling traffic (carts, dollies, and hand trucks) under 500 lbs. total. For pedestrian loading, the National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers – Metal Bar Grating (NAAMM-MBG) recommends a minimum design load for the grating of 100 psf, with a maximum deflection of L/240 ≤ ¼” (ANSI/NAAMM-MBG-531-00). This deflection limit can be exceeded for other loading conditions at the discretion of the qualified design professional.
For light rolling loads, a bearing bar spacing less than 1” on center is recommended for proper wheel load distribution and a smooth surface for the rolling load. For a manual pallet jack carrying heavier loads (over 1,000 pounds), a bearing bar spacing of ½” or less is recommended. Other types of rolling pallet jacks (electric or walkies) may require special design considerations.
How do I compute the wheel loads on a manual pallet jack?
The wheel loads on a manual pallet jack is case-specific and needs to be figured on a job-per-job basis and is therefore beyond the scope of this FAQ; however, that being said, following is an example for computing the wheel loads for a three-point pallet jack (two separated front point loads and a single rear point load): The total weight of the pallet jack and its load rating should be used for total load. The rear steering wheel(s) is presumed to carry a point load equal to 50% of the total load and the front fork wheel(s) are each presumed to carry a point load equal to 25% of the total load. For a 3,000 lb. rated pallet jack with a self-weight of 500 lbs. equals 3,500 lbs total load. The rear steering wheel(s) will carry 1,750 lbs. and each fork wheel will carry 875 lbs.
How is the weight of an occupant or employee accounted for in the design load of the flooring system?
The recommended minimum design live loads as specified in the codes/standards (e.g. IBC, ASCE7) include both point loads and uniform loads. For stairs the weight of an occupant is generally considered a point load (minimum 300# concentrated load at the center of a tread) and for a walking/work surfaces, the occupant load is include within the minimum uniform live load (typically a minimum live load of 125 psf for light-duty storage, 60 psf for pick aisles, and 40 psf for catwalks).
What types of storage decking are used with boltless shelving?
Several types of decking are available for use on boltless shelving:
More detailed information can be found in both MHI Standards MH28.2 and MH28.4. SMA member companies can assist you with the correct decking material for your application.
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